extracellular polysaccharides

Lactobacillus johnsonii, a gram-positive bacterium, belongs to phylum Firmicutes, class Bacilli, order Lactobacillales, family Lactobacillaceae, and genus Lactobacillus, which is facultatively anaerobic and sometimes microaerophilic, exhibiting poor growth under aerobic conditions but better growth at reduced oxygen pressure. L. johnsonii was first isolated from human blood, with other primary sources including humans, mice, and pigs (Pridmore et al., 2004; Vazquez-Munoz et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2019). The health-associated benefits of L. johnsonii are known for its antibacterial properties, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus aureus (Aiba et al., 2019; Rosignoli et al., 2018)